The Dynamics of the Demand for Siraiki Province in Punjab, Pakistan: Horizontal Inequalities Perspective

Abstract

Though Pakistan faced severe ethno-nationalist conflicts since its inception, still one of its
provinces (Punjab) succeeded in avoiding such ethnic violence. However, since 1970s, Punjabi vs.
Siraiki friction is being witnessed. The latter complaints to be deprived, and dominated by the
former. Existing literature indicates that the political exclusion, economic inequalities, social
disparities, and ethno-cultural denial are the primary factors stimulating Saraikis to raise their
voice for a separate province. The present study postulates a direct and positive correlation
between the demand for Siraiki province and horizontal inequalities (HIs). The hypothesis was
tested in two stages. At first stage, the data was analyzed (inferred from various published surveys
and reports) to identify HIs (between South Punjab and rest of the province). At second stage, a
public opinion survey was conducted in the region to authenticate the official source evidence.
Statistical analysis of the field survey confirmed the positive relationship between the demand of a
new province in South Punjab and HIs. Accordingly, the study concludes that HIs provided a solid
basis to inter-group conflict earlier and for the demand of a new province later. The study suggests
that state authorities should pay heed to the dilemma of HIs and the demand for Siraiki province to
avoid unpleasant consequences.